Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtill

Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtillis does not Result in Resistance to other Antibiotics Introduction: In the environment, bacteria frequently encounter various antibiotics and through various mechanisms, evolve to become resistant to these antibiotics. Some of these mechanisms sometimes involve beneficial mutations in a bacterium that allow it survive antibiotics but more frequently involve a transfer of genes from other bacteria, even bacteria of different species. Through the transfer of genes from other bacteria, a bacterium can acquire resistance against several antibiotics (Levy 2002). Nalidixic acid is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) 1999), and is thus found in concentrated amounts in urine. When a person urinates, any excess nalidixic acid can easily find its way to soil, where Bacillus subtilis is found naturally. As the nalidixic acid would be diluted to sub-therapeutic concentrations, all the nalidixic acid would do is to select for resistant strains of any bacteria (e.g. B. subtilis) encountered (Levy 2002). As bacteria can pass along resistance factors to other currently un-resistant bacteria, the harmless B. subtilis which harbors resistance factors against nalidixic acid can potentially pass the resistance factors to harmful bacteria. Bacteria, however, frequently develop resistance not only to one antibiotic but to several and can pass on resistance factors for all these antibiotics to other bacteria. This study will attempt to produce B. subtilis that is resistant to nalidixic acid and determine if these nalid ixic acid-resistant B. subtillis are also resistant to other antibiotics, especially those in the same class. ... ...important not to lose its effectiveness to antibiotic resistance. References: Ciprofloxacin (Oral) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 2003 Apr 3; cited 2003 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a688016.html Levy, S. B. 2002.The Antibiotic Paradox: How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers. Perseus Publishing, MA. Hardy, S. P. 2002. Human Microbiology. Taylor and Francis, NY. Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 1999 Jun 14; cited 2003 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202387.html Voyles, B. A. 2003. Personal communication. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtill Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtillis does not Result in Resistance to other Antibiotics Introduction: In the environment, bacteria frequently encounter various antibiotics and through various mechanisms, evolve to become resistant to these antibiotics. Some of these mechanisms sometimes involve beneficial mutations in a bacterium that allow it survive antibiotics but more frequently involve a transfer of genes from other bacteria, even bacteria of different species. Through the transfer of genes from other bacteria, a bacterium can acquire resistance against several antibiotics (Levy 2002). Nalidixic acid is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) 1999), and is thus found in concentrated amounts in urine. When a person urinates, any excess nalidixic acid can easily find its way to soil, where Bacillus subtilis is found naturally. As the nalidixic acid would be diluted to sub-therapeutic concentrations, all the nalidixic acid would do is to select for resistant strains of any bacteria (e.g. B. subtilis) encountered (Levy 2002). As bacteria can pass along resistance factors to other currently un-resistant bacteria, the harmless B. subtilis which harbors resistance factors against nalidixic acid can potentially pass the resistance factors to harmful bacteria. Bacteria, however, frequently develop resistance not only to one antibiotic but to several and can pass on resistance factors for all these antibiotics to other bacteria. This study will attempt to produce B. subtilis that is resistant to nalidixic acid and determine if these nalid ixic acid-resistant B. subtillis are also resistant to other antibiotics, especially those in the same class. ... ...important not to lose its effectiveness to antibiotic resistance. References: Ciprofloxacin (Oral) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 2003 Apr 3; cited 2003 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a688016.html Levy, S. B. 2002.The Antibiotic Paradox: How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers. Perseus Publishing, MA. Hardy, S. P. 2002. Human Microbiology. Taylor and Francis, NY. Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 1999 Jun 14; cited 2003 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202387.html Voyles, B. A. 2003. Personal communication. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.

Comparing Spiritual Growth in Gardeners Grendel and Hesses Siddhartha

Spiritual Growth in Gardener's Grendel and Hesse's Siddhartha      Ã‚   A mythical beast who finds meaning in killing and a questioning wanderer who cannot find meaning in being: both John Gardener's Grendel and Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha grow and develop spiritually, yet their authors use vastly different styles to convey these changes.    John Gardner's revolutionary style is not encompassed by a single genre; instead, he mixes first-person narrative and several different literary styles to give the "Ruiner of Meadhalls" a unique voice. The use of first-person narrative is essential to convey Grendel's spiritual growth. Were it not for Grendel's often self-deprecatory tone, which varies from mocking - "big shaggy monster intense and earnest, bent like a priest at his prayers" (72) - to bitter and cynical - "I, Grendel, was the dark side. The terrible race that God cursed" (51) - Grendel would be impossible to relate to. Even Grendel's bouts of insanity - (whispering, whispering. Grendel has it occurred to you my dear that you are crazy?)" are easily understood.    Grendel varies from the simple, childish tone of "'Why can't I have someone to talk to? The Shaper has people to talk to'" (53) to the dense philosophical metaphors and complex diction of Grendel's conversation with the dragon. Gardener gives Grendel a purposefully guileless voice to illustrate both the monster's feelings of lost youth as well as his progression into a more sentient being.    "I think I was half prepared, in my dark, demented state, to see God, bearded and gray as geometry, scowling down at me, shaking his bloodless finger. (53)    The nihilistic dragon disagrees with Grendel's humanization, regarding men scornfully a... ...orld, not to despise it, not for us to hate each other, but to be able to regard the world and ourselves and all beings with love, admiration, and respect.' (147)    Siddhartha progresses from an aloof and slightly arrogant youth, not unlike young Grendel, to a wise, satisfied man.    The central difference between John Gardener's Grendel and Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha, both stories of spiritual growth and development, is not thematic. Instead, vast differences in tone and language make the self-deprecating monster easy to empathize with and the soul-searching wanderer simple and detached. Despite their stylistic differences, both works stand alone as examples of philosophical and spiritual evolution.    Works Cited   Gardner, John. Grendel. 1971; rpt. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998.   

Marketing Make Up

There are several marketing approaches that can be used to launch a new product in the market. However, there are also some advantages and disadvantages which can be incurred while putting a definite advertising strategy into action. One type of marketing is called the USP or the Unique Selling Proposition. This aims to present the uniqueness of the product which other commodities do not have. The main advantage of such process can be attributed by setting apart the make up brand’s features and effects to one’s visual appeal. An additional or breakthrough substance can be realized for marketing attraction. However, the main disadvantage is that the product’s effect can vary from person to person. It is possible that there will be a group of consumers who will not be able to acquire the brand’s promise and may end up tarnishing the credibility of the brand. Another type of advertising technique is called Comparative Advertising. The process involves the acquisition of another brand name with the same product line up and comparing its quality and features side by side with the brand being advertised. This can be a very good approach in catching the attention of the consumers since the ready made features of the products can be observed in a form of testing. However, there can also be issues wherein consumers may realize that if they are getting the same characteristics of the product, then most likely brand will not be a factor but consequently the market price. Fear appeal is commonly used in relaying the consequential pattern of events if no reliable product is available. Because of such effect, the consumers will be forced to purchase a marketed item because of their anxiety experiences as pictured in the advertisement. The major attribute here is to arouse the consciousness of the viewers to change their attitude in buying and divert their attention to the brand being advertised (Associated Content, 2007). On the negative aspect, the advertiser will not have any clue whether the consumers will alternatively change their buying habits in favor of the brand. Since different perception and individual opinions will be involved, it can be very difficult to identify whether the people who will see the advertisement will get the intended message. Using a celebrity endorsement can also be one of the most effective ways to advertise a make up brand. Apparently, celebrities can easily attract buyers because of their reputation status in the entertainment industry. The more popular the actress is, the higher the probability that the masses will believe her position in using the make up brand. One grave consequence of this however can be on the part of investment cost. Since these individuals will require an enormous talent fee, a huge decision making process should be implemented by the advertiser. A slice of life ad is a technique in which situations with problems are presented to be solved using the product. Usually, these ads are too dramatic that audiences will be able to impart and relate their personal experiences (Answers, 2007). This can help the brand name to completely interact on the personal feelings of the consumers. One possible negative effect can be realized due to the limitation of the scope. Of course, not all people will be able to consider the situations presented in the advertisement to be factually true. The form of advertising in the essence of sex appeal is also used for many cosmetic and personal care brands. Since the make up industry primarily targets the female populace, different strategies of projecting the highest levels of sex appeal are instrumented. One good approach is to present and ad which focuses on the physical characteristic of the model. This will become the standard of the viewing consumers which will help in making them buy the item. However, giving them (consumers) the idea of involving sex appeal considerations can easily lure them to purchase other product lines which may use more appealing models. Lastly, the humor approach in advertising can be used. In some cases, humorous advertising can make it very light for the viewers to accept the main advantages of using the product being advertised. However, it can also project a certain form of apathy since the advertisers or the brand itself may project non-professionalism which may affect their credibility. References Answers Corporation. 2007. Slice of Life. Answers.com. Retrieved November 26, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/topic/slice-of-life-advertisement?cat=biz-fin. Associated Content. 2007. Fear Appeal Messages and their Effectiveness in Advertising-Severin and Tankard. Retrieved November 26, 2007 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/27813/fear_appeal_messages_and_their

Miller said the Crucible Essay

Miller emphasizes this by using short sentences with many pauses. The silence creates pathos for the characters from the audience. There is also a lot of questioning which reflects conflict and how the characters are helpless like a small child. This emotional togetherness of the Proctors contrasts greatly with their conflict with each other on pages 41-45: â€Å"A sense of their separation arises† p42. When the Proctors were together being able to live physically and sexually together they were separate but now they are about to be ripped apart they are emotionally together. Elizabeth speaks the last words of the play about John. This shows how their conflict has finally been resolved. This contrasts with the dramatic devices used in the next part of the scene after they begin to speak about John’s confession and when Hathorne comes in. This next part uses pauses and questioning as well to convey an interrogative atmosphere. It is no longer a personal scene- this part shows the community side to the play. There is a sharp conflict between the individual and the community in this scene but it is concentrated more on in the rest of the play. Another main theme in â€Å"The Crucible† is that of the conflict between innocence and experience/guilt. On page 110 Elizabeth says out in the open that â€Å"it were a cold house I kept. † This tells the audience that Elizabeth was frigid in her relationship with John. This has been hinted at throughout Elizabeth and John’s conversations and especially in Act 2 p42 â€Å"it’s winter in this house yet† as John says. Even though this is used by Elizabeth to show that she is guilty it tells the audience she is in fact innocent. To all appearances, and how most of the other characters perceive Elizabeth and Abigail, Elizabeth is the guilty one and Abigail is the innocent. They see Abigail as a child and a virgin who is pure sexually, morally and religiously whereas the audience, John, Elizabeth and Hale know better. The majority of characters see Elizabeth as the older, more sexually and sinfully experienced. Salem society’s religious outlook fogs their judgement and they assume that the woman who they perceive as sexually innocent is also legally innocent. As we see they are wrong in both respects: John has committed adultery with Abigail who is the experienced and guilty one. William Blake This play is about the individual vs. the community. It shows the world what can happen if an individual speaks up for his/herself and acts on his/her personal beliefs. If one is not on the side of the community one is estranged from the community and rejected. In extreme circumstances, such as in this play, one can be put to death. Hale says (p116) that † it is pride, it is vanity† to create conflict with the community when you know you will be punished for doing so. Personally I think, I believe Arthur Miller thinks and the character of John Proctor thinks, that Hale is wrong. He suggests that it is wrong when he says it is vanity. Miller tries to show that John is a mostly upright character and died for a good cause. Miller believes this conflict between the individual and the community is right when the community is repressive and punishing. The word â€Å"sibilance† in the stage directions (p106) at the beginning of this scene means hissing and actually makes a hissing sound when articulated properly. The sibilance at the beginning of this scene shows the conflict between Elizabeth’s inner emotions and the emotions of the other characters in the scene. This sound breaks the silence when John comes in. I think it sets the scene for the last part of the play because Elizabeth Proctor is very docile and defeated at this last part of the play and John’s feet on the ground sounds like an animal hissing in fright. I think that at this point Elizabeth is â€Å"hissing† inside and this is the expression of her inside emotions. It is later confirmed that she is very scared for John’s life and her own and terrified about the whole situation as she is later â€Å"in terror, weeping. † This is caused because of the Proctors’ earlier conflict being resolved. This sibilance could alternatively be interpreted as John’s defiance against the court officials and jailers because as we see when Parris feebly offers, â€Å"a cup of cider, Mr Proctor,† he has nothing but contempt for them. The themes in this scene relate to the play as a whole. The theme of truth and lies and its resultant effect upon justice and injustice runs throughout the play. It begins on a simple level in Act One then as the play develops the situation gets more serious. The yellow bird the â€Å"afflicted† girls â€Å"see† could symbolise lying because the colour yellow is often linked with this conflict. This conflict continues all through the play and is resolved at the end when John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse hang because they are on the side of truth. In a way one could say that justice is defeated and destroyed at the end of the play because of all the characters those who stand up for truth and real justice, not Salem â€Å"justice†, are hanged. In my opinion justice â€Å"wins† this conflict because Proctor doesn’t give in to lying at the very end. Although, he may be in part considering his and his family’s reputation, his behaviour can also be likened to that of a saint after all; it is reminiscent of the early Christian martyrs. The truth/lies and justice/injustice conflicts are intrinsically related not just in the play but also universally. Falsity like Abigail’s can invoke great injustices as we see in the play but falsity like Hale’s â€Å"let him give his lie† intended actions could bring us back to justice. In the same way truth like John’s saying he will not â€Å"sign myself to lies† can lead to injustice since he is hanged at the end but in this play a great number of characters would have to see the complete truth to lead the to justice. Since all the characters have some belief in God the supreme judge they all believe in truth and justice to a certain extent and that that will be give at the end. As Elizabeth says: â€Å"There be no higher judge under heaven†. No one except God can judge Proctor and the other people to be hanged. This essay has discussed conflict between and within various different themes, people and ideas. The Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary says that a crucible is, â€Å"a refractory vessel or pot in which metals are melted. † The introduction to the Heinemann version of The Crucible 1992 (Maureen Blakesley) says, â€Å"John Proctor is tested in a life threatening ordeal and his death at the end rather than betrayal of his conscience shows that he too has come through the fire to be purified. † I would go as far as to say that the crucible (refractory vessel) is the ordeal and events therefore the play itself: The Crucible and the whole idea of conflict can be taken from just the play title. When John finally has his transgressions and personal disbeliefs refracted he is executed. This is also symbolic to show he becomes pure suggesting he has reached paradise after being removed from the crucible. Imogen Hagarty 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Relationship between RMG Export growth and GDP of Bangladesh

Karakul Hosing, Professor of the Department of Finance, University of Dacha for his constant supervision, moral support, valuable instruction, & helpful advice during the course of studies & research work. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my family, teachers, & friends whose invaluable support & encouragement have done much to make this report a successful one. Description ARM Redeemed garments Export A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country is shipped to another country for future sale or trade.GAP The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period, though GAP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. PEP Exports Promotion Burro Qualitative control Acceptance sampling, can be used when a decision must be made to accept or reject a group of part s or items based on the quality found in a sample. Net Exports (NIX) The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports.It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GAP, in an open economy variable A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item LAST Lot Quality Assessment Technique Work schedule A work schedule includes the days of the week and times of the day a particular employee is scheduled to work of a research or project. A nation could accelerate the rate of economic growth by promoting exports of goods and services. Remittance plays a vital role to economic development of that country.At present, Bangladesh is a good amount of remittance from export of ARM from 1970. By PAYOFF, within a span of about two decades exports have gone up to USED 4. 5 billion. Over the past decade alone, the sector registered a phenomenal growth rate of 15 percent per annu m, which is impressive. In fact, this was an exceptionally high growth rate for an emerging industry anywhere in the world. The industrial base, which sustained such high growths, also enjoyed a robust expansion, from less than 50 factories in 1983 to more than 3,400 in 2002, with the number of ARM workers reaching approximately 1. Million. Trend of period average simple growth rate of total export of Bangladesh is almost similar in two periods; 1980-90 and 1991-2004. During the whole period under consideration ready-made garments, (ARM) exports contribute lion's share (around 75 percent). For ARM export as a whole, the average annual growth rate is much higher (95. 2 percent) during the first period. Of the ARM export, the average annual Roth rate of knitwear export is much higher (74. 0 percent) during the last period as compared to woven wear.Working adolescent girls tend to avoid early marriage as they have their own source of income and are self-dependent. The mean age at marri age for girls working in ARM, factories tend to be higher than the national average. Employment opportunities especially for women created positive impact on family planning and population control in the country. Independent working-women are getting more conscious about the advantage of a small family, and are exposed to modern family planning methods.Nevertheless, repeatedly times the magnitude of its multiplier impact and implications will Justify the support that this sector has been given over the past years and the support it is currently seeking from the government. In PAYOFF Bangladesh exported ARM products worth 4. 5 billion US dollars. Her share in total US imports of apparels was 3. 2%; in EX. it was 3. 3% and in Canada it was 3. 0%. Bangladesh is known in these countries as a small country with a strong presence. This research proposal attempts to qualify the inter-relationship between Export growths of ARM and GAP of Bangladesh.

BUSINESS ETHICS ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUSINESS ETHICS ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example ny name, Kenneth Lay was made the Chief Executive Officer and he wanted to expand Enron’s market share as well as the type of markets Enron was in since he had a very different vision for the new shape of the company (Welch, 2005). Houston Natural Gas had previously been in the business of making their money from junk bonds which were also used in the formation of Enron. At the same time, Kenneth Lay wanted to become the biggest player in the energy sector through successful trade earnings from futures contracts (NPR, 2006). To his advantage, Spectrum 7, an oil-well concern welcomed a partnership with Enron a year after its creation. Spectrum 7 was headed by George W. Bush, son of the then-Vice President George H. W. Bush. With falling gas prices in the mid 1980’s, Enron and other gas firms vigorously lobbied for deregulation to get benefits for themselves (Thomas, 2002). It has been known for many years that ethically dubious political connections can help a business but such situations often come to light if the business is unsuccessful (Medawar, 1976). The deregulation action came into effect when buyers switched to the fuel oil as the cheaper alternative. Fluctuating gas prices allowed Enron to start marketing gas futures; securing gas prices at a later date promised to their stakeholders. Similarly, the company lobbied once again for electricity just before selling electric power futures contracts (NPR, 2006). From then on, Enron was aggressive in expanding its services in other sectors such as the water utility sector by creating a company named Azurix which partly collapsed on the NYSE in 1999 and finally shut down operations in 2001 (Thomas, 2002). Concurrently, Jeffery Skilling who had been hired in 1990 to lead the financial side of Enron’s operation became a major personality of the energy trading businesses and became the president and COO for Enron. He built wealth reserves for the company by trading in thirty different industries and was

The Sustainability of Seafood Farms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Sustainability of Seafood Farms - Essay Example Moreover, it serves as a measure against which societies and institutions are evaluated, as well as a goal toward which communities and societies should aim. In respect to governance, sustainability implies interrogating existing ways of societal institutions in an attempt to determine to what extent they hearten vicious behaviors. In addition to this, sustainability results to a conscious endeavor to convert the status quo and encourage the advancement of increasingly maintainable models of activity (Dunphy, 2000). Sustainability is an essential factor in today’s global economy. This is because it results to an economically sustainable development. There are several advantages that economically yield as a result of sustainability. For instance, it recounts to the harvest of a self-renewing and specific natural resource, such as fish. Such a yield can be maintained for an indefinite period since it can be supported by the capacities of the fundamental normal system. A sustaina ble society can, therefore, be defined as the one which has adapted to comfortably live within the boundaries that have been established by nature’s limits (Dunphy, 2000). It can be upheld as an ongoing and collective entity since the behaviors and practices that heavily burden the environment have been abolished or reformed. A sustainable development indicates a process of advancements in the social nature of the society, which can accommodate the changing needs of the society, while at the same time integrating social, economic, and environmental contemplations in making any decisions. For any project to be sustainable, it should encompass some features. These features include social, economic, and environmental features. These have better being referred to as the Triple Bottom Line approach (Weber and Savits, 2006). The Triple Bottom Line also known as TBL or 3BL has, in fishing, has captured and expanded criteria and values for measuring the success of any organization ec onomically, environmentally, and socially. The goal of sustainability and the triple bottom line are usually described by People, Planet, and Profit. Economic and social factors have greatly been boosted by fish farming. Social factors have been boosted in that the society has significantly benefited from fish farming (Weber and Savits, 2006). Economic factors have, on the other hand been boosted in that maximum benefits have been reaped from the project. It is, therefore, arguable that sustainability has significantly influenced the Triple Bottom Line of fish farming. Production is the initial step in the process of trade. It can be defined as the conversion of raw materials into varieties that can be useful for human consumption (Marien, 1990). Production of fish can also be known as fish farming. It is the chief form of aquatic culture. It involves commercial rising of fish into enclosures or tanks for food. The current increase in demand for fish has, in turn, led to increased f ish farming. Distribution is a term used to refer to the process of conveying already produced goods to the consumers in the market. There are different methods of distribution existing in the market. This depends on the technological means and levels of progress within the region. An example of a way in which goods are distributed is by Efficient Consumer Response scheme. Fish distribution, therefore, refers to the process by which the